Interview by Laurie Casey
Stephen Packard is for the birds. And we mean that in the best possible way. The founding director of Audubon Chicago Region and one of the most highly respected nature advocates in the Midwest will appear at Dominican University on Sunday, January 19, to speak about growing native plants in your yard to enjoy more visits from birds.
Stephen Packard has guided some of Illinois’ largest ecological restoration projects, assembled thousands of volunteers through his work with Illinois Nature Conservancy and Audubon, and founded some of our most important conservation institutions, including Chicago Wilderness and Friends of the Forest Preserves.
He has also experimented in his own Northbrook backyard for decades. His yard has become a sanctuary not only for an array of bird species, but also for his human neighbors, who enjoy hours of discovery and fulfillment.
Continue reading this illuminating interview with Stephen Packard.
Ultimately his goal is to help North America's bird populations, some of which desperately need human help to survive in the face of habitat destruction, global climate change and pesticides. We talked about the field of restoration ecology, why the work of habitat restoration demands a combination of patience and urgency, and what you can do in your own yard and beyond to support endangered wildlife.
Q: What is the field of ecological restoration?
S.P.: A journalist once asked one of our restoration volunteers, "What's the difference between restoration and gardening?" She answered, "With gardening, the fundamental principal is control. With restoration, it's surrender." We use a lot of the same techniques as gardening, but with restoration, you see yourself as a coach, not a boss. Things move in directions you're not expecting, and that's what exciting about it. You know you've succeeded when diverse plants and animals can reproduce and evolve their community mostly on their own. On the other hand you don't want a weed patch. Weeds do not form stable communities. They do not promote diversity.
Q: You sound like you are a patient man. Are you?
S.P.: You have to combine enormous patience with urgency. For the large number of endangered plants and animals that are barely hanging on, there is urgency to figure out what they need and provide it for them. Much of what we do takes many years to produce the results we're looking for—or the ones we're not looking for. Many plants take three to five years to grow big enough to flower and grow seeds big enough to plant.
Q: Tell us about your yard.
S.P.: I have a typical suburban lot, and it backs up to a forest preserve. A large part of my front and back yard is wild native plants. My neighbors like it. I get a lot of compliments. I was deliberate and slow about expanding it, and I made sure there were plenty of colorful flowers. In the front yard, all of my beds have mowed grass around them. In the backyard, my neighbors have encouraged me to expand into their yards. Many of them are also planting native patches in their yards. I always make sure we have plenty of milkweeds, which provide habitat for monarch butterflies. Most of the kids on my street, for a year or two of their childhoods, have raised monarchs from my yard. Here in wintertime, I see cardinals, chickadees, blue jays and juncos. In summertime, indigo buntings from the adjacent forest preserve nest here.
Q: What advice do you give to people who are intrigued by habitat restoration and would love to do this in their yards, but don't know where to start?
S.P.: If you are excited about attracting certain butterflies, put in the plant species they like. Start small, and advance year after year as you learn how things work in the soil, light and drainage you have.
Q: What are three things people don't know about Chicago wildlife?
S.P.: During spring migration time, birds come from tropical rainforests up to the Canadian tundra. This powerful force comes right through your yard every spring and fall! I strongly encourage people not to use insecticides, especially during migration season. Birds are totally vulnerable and have gone through so much to survive. If they die up here by eating a poisoned insect, it's such a sad thing. Second, plant seeds when they're ripe. Don't hold them until next spring. The seeds of wild plants are designed not to dry out, but to stay in soil over winter and then germinate in the spring. Finally, wildlife likes yards that are messy. When vegetation dies in the fall, leave it over winter. It will be full of birds and rabbits and voles. Think about how to design your garden so that the dead vegetation will be aesthetically pleasing.
Q: How can people who don't have a yard get involved?
S.P.: Visit habitatproject.org to learn about volunteering in public land wildernesses, the forest preserves and parks. Many people raise plants and donate seeds to habitat restoration projects on public lands.
Q: After more than 30 years in this field, are you still learning?
S.P.: One of the things that I'm continually impressed by is how long the processes are. We have planted areas in restoration projects and carefully monitored their diversity, and 30 years later the diversity is still increasing! The portion of rare plants is still increasing! Some plants that seem not to have done well show up 10 or 20 years later! Other new plants keep showing up; likely some bird has brought seed on their feet or the seed has blown in on a whirlwind. Sadly, last year, none of the monarchs in my yard survived, even the eggs we brought inside. There's something wrong. The adults laid eggs, and the eggs didn't hatch. Some of this is likely because there are new chemical insecticides being used. We've been raising monarchs for 15 years, and we've never seen this. If you are consistent for a long period of time, you learn things just because you notice changes.
You can meet Stephen Packard in person and hear more on January 19, 2014, from 2:30 pm to 4:30 pm in The Priory Room, Room 259, at Dominican University. The talk, hosted by West Cook Wild Ones, is free and open to the public, so bring a friend!
3. Bake an incredible gift. Use your skill in the kitchen to bake breads, cookies, preserves, dried fruits, nut mixes or herbed vinegars...all presented in reusable containers, of course! Low cost.
4. Buy locally made gifts whenever possible. Cloth napkins and kitchen towels make especially green gifts. Discover the many craft fairs around town, as well as the Oak Park Women's Exchange at 839 S Oak Park Ave in Oak Park (opwe.org).
5. Give the gift of a greener world by giving things such as a refurbished computer, backyard composter, rain barrel, refillable thermos bottle, and recycled-content stationery. If you're giving a battery-operated toy, include rechargeable batteries and a battery charger.
"When we purchased the house in 1999, Mary and I didn't originally set out to make the house so efficient and relatively green," said Mark, adding, "We've slowly learned, and sought out, ways to restore the house which respect its history and significance but also incorporate 21st century efficiency technology."
First and foremost, Lisa (pictured at left in her garden with her family) decided to use the “tiny bit of useless backyard behind [her] six-flat” to grow some of her own food. It took some planning, as it was nothing more than a muddy patch of land where, she reports, “nothing would grow and was used mostly as a dog run”. When the dog (and the neighbor) moved out, Lisa seized her chance, digging drainage ditches and spreading mulch over the top with other neighbors in the building. "We then built four raised beds and filled them with soil," she said. "At the same time, I had to figure out what I could even grow in my backyard, since my readings suggested that any garden with less than six hours of direct sunlight would not produce anything. As I observed the sunlight patterns, we were lucky if we got three-to-four hours of direct light a day. I was undaunted, however, and decided to try a variety of greens, tomatoes, cucumbers, beans and even some berries. As with any experiment, not all of the plants have thrived, but many have done so well, that I now pronounce my garden a success.”
